Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in surface waters and the anthropogenic factors influencing its abundance: A systematic review

A systematic review of 98 studies reveals a high abundance and detection rate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in surface waters, primarily affecting tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics. Advanced methods like metagenomic sequencing and HT-qPCR identified greater numbers of ARGs per run. The study highlights the role of surface waters in the dissemination of ARGs and the complex relationship between human activities and the environment. Recommendations for future AMR surveillance studies are provided.